How is economic growth achieved? Simple answer: through the increase in the quality and/or quantity of FoPs. This increases the potential output of the country (Keynesian v. neo-Classical views) and can be shown by a rightward shift in the country's PPC or LRAS (see relevant posts from January and March).
Economic development, a qualitative measure, describes of an economy's standard of living, including information like access to safe drinking water, mother mortality and GDP per capita. Although economic growth can lead to economic development, this isn't always the case if the rich reap the benefits of the increase in national income.
Although economic growth is very simply measured using the equation above, economic development requires numerous indices to provide a more complete picture of the development of a country. These include the UN Development Program's (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI), Gender-related Development Index (GDI), Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), Human Poverty Index (HPI), and Lorenz curve / Gini coefficient. These all deserve further description.
The HDI has three components : life expectancy at birth, education/knowledge measured via literacy rate (two-thirds weighting) and gross enrollment ratio (primary, secondary, tertiary) and standard of living measured by GDP per capita (PPP). The following graph from Wikipedia shows current HDI levels, with zero meaning very low development and one being almost total development, followed by the link for the most current Human Development Report:
Link (look for "Annual Report"): http://hdr.undp.org/en/
The GDI adjusts the HDI for gender to show the inequalities for men and women for life expectancy, education/knowledge and standard of living. The GEM targets differences in opportunities for women and men in different countries through a statistical calculation of political participation (parliamentary seats filled by women), economic participation (legislators, senior officials, managers; professional and technical positions) and female GDP per capita compared to male. Please see the following image (zoom in if necessary) for countries and their GEM values.
The HPI takes the HDI and reverses it to look at the other side of the equation. Instead of life expectancy at birth, the HDI calculates the chance that people won't live past a certain age (from 40 to 60). Moreover, the HDI uses the adult illiteracy rate instead of the literacy rate / enrollment rate and sort of an "anti" standard of living as measured by statistics of those without access to clean water or health services and child malnourishment rates. Click on this link for further information: A map of world poverty that includes human poverty index Development Economics.
Lastly, the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficent it derives determine the income inequality of an economy. The Lorenz curve shows which percentage of households earn which percentage of the country's income. If the country was perfectly equal, the bottom 30% would earn 30% of national income and the bottom 60% would earn 60% of the income, etc. This is shown by the line of perfect equality, the 45 degree angle from the point of origin. The curve that exists beneath this line shows how unequal countries are, and the more bowed the curve, the more unequal is the income distribution in the economy. This is the Lorenz curve. Please see the following graph:
In this hypothetical (extreme) scenario, the bottom ten percent of the economy earns less than 1% of the income and the bottom 50% of the household earns just 10% of the income (compared to 50% at perfect equality). In fact, in this example, the upper 50% of society earns 90% of the income and the top 10% earns about 50% of the income! This would be an EXTREMELY unequal society. The distance between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality derives the Gini coefficient which quantifies the actual income inequality of a country. Zero corresponds to perfect equality (everyone earns the same) and one perfect inequality (one person earns everything..."statistical dispersion"). Here is a graph that shows worldwide Gini coefficients (thanks to Wikipedia):
Where is your country? How does this make you feel?
The HDI has three components : life expectancy at birth, education/knowledge measured via literacy rate (two-thirds weighting) and gross enrollment ratio (primary, secondary, tertiary) and standard of living measured by GDP per capita (PPP). The following graph from Wikipedia shows current HDI levels, with zero meaning very low development and one being almost total development, followed by the link for the most current Human Development Report:
The GDI adjusts the HDI for gender to show the inequalities for men and women for life expectancy, education/knowledge and standard of living. The GEM targets differences in opportunities for women and men in different countries through a statistical calculation of political participation (parliamentary seats filled by women), economic participation (legislators, senior officials, managers; professional and technical positions) and female GDP per capita compared to male. Please see the following image (zoom in if necessary) for countries and their GEM values.
Lastly, the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficent it derives determine the income inequality of an economy. The Lorenz curve shows which percentage of households earn which percentage of the country's income. If the country was perfectly equal, the bottom 30% would earn 30% of national income and the bottom 60% would earn 60% of the income, etc. This is shown by the line of perfect equality, the 45 degree angle from the point of origin. The curve that exists beneath this line shows how unequal countries are, and the more bowed the curve, the more unequal is the income distribution in the economy. This is the Lorenz curve. Please see the following graph:
No comments:
Post a Comment